Dr. Tyrone Hayes lecture Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Gerne Will Ich Mich Bequemen (Gladly Will I Am Comfortable) free essay sample

The setting of the melody depends on scriptural story and It is In German content. It is In Dad capo aria structure where An area is rehashed. The instrumentation for this aria are 2 violin which intermix between the tune and a basso continuo. Bach give more variety to the tune by changing its mode from major to minor mode. This modify its passionate importance totally and is utilized to give distinctive difference. The possibility of a difference in mode In a song suggests some consonant contemplations. He misused symphonious variety to grand impact In this piece.This appeared In the beginning of the piece In G minor in the emphasis area and afterward it balances to D minor at bar 25, and it has returned to G minor at bar 65. The principal segment of the piece begins with a Reiteration and afterward come the aria. After the aria, there is the emphasis segment again which utilize the main portion of the Reiteration, this can be found in bar 24. We will compose a custom exposition test on Gerne Will Ich Mich Bequemen (Gladly Will I Am Comfortable) or then again any comparable subject explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page Bach frequently composes pieces for human voices that can fit in instrumental sayings for instance the Reiteration area at he start of the piece and where the bassist begins to sing, the song Is similar.This Is the manner by which Bach Imply his insight Into his work. Imagery, balance and numerical connections can be found in this piece : at whatever point there is this word Creek which mean cross, Bach will consistently have a sharp in it. The sharp (#) speak to + (cross). This is one of the manner in which he utilizes imagery. Word painting can be found in this piece in bar 61 trine (drink) the song is going up with chromatic tunes, Bach needed to representation the activity of drinking.The piece just have 2 yeoman all through the piece which are : Plano and strong point There are loads of Diminished seventh harmonies In this piece which Is not basic In Baroque period, during these time, Church assumes a significant job in music, they accept that cacophony is certifiably not a decent stable to commend the god. Bach utilizes these harmonies and abrupt balances to go with Jesus prophetically calamitous prescience. The recitative frequently set the temperament for a specific entries by featuring sincerely changed words, for example, Garner (gladly).There Is a touch of improvement In the B area yet we doesnt incorporate that segment as an advancement segment on the grounds that solitary piece of the song and cadence chang e, we despite everything can see a similar utilization of Fortuning in the B segment. Fortuning (turning forward it was imagined in 191 5, it is the turn of events or turning out of a short melodic theme to frame a total expression, regularly utilizing arrangements or intervocalic change. It is quite utilized in the Baroque time frame somewhat less in the Classical time frame. Len this piece, Bach attempts address numerous essential human issues, for example, love, contempt and double-crossing. The story Itself Is given to the Evangelist. Found in bar 65.

Having a Chronic Disease or Condition

Having a Chronic Disease or Condition Depression Types Print Having a Chronic Disease or Condition By Nancy Schimelpfening Nancy Schimelpfening, MS is the administrator for the non-profit depression support group Depression Sanctuary. Nancy has a lifetime of experience with depression, experiencing firsthand how devastating this illness can be. Learn about our editorial policy Nancy Schimelpfening Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on August 05, 2016 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on February 15, 2020 BSP / UIG / Getty Images More in Depression Types Causes Symptoms Diagnosis Treatment Childhood Depression Suicide The word chronic is used in medicine to refer to any disease or condition that persists over time or is frequently recurring. The term chronic is often used in contrast to the word acute, which refers to a disease or condition that comes on rapidly. An acute illness usually starts and becomes a problem, sometimes a serious problem, very quickly. An example of an acute illness is a heart attack. A person may be fine one moment, but having a life-threatening medical emergency mere minutes later, requiring emergency medical attention. While they may seem less scary than acute ones, chronic diseases are a greater burden on patients and the U.S. healthcare system. As treatments improve for acute illnesses, they are resolved successfully more often, while chronic conditions require years of medical management. In the United States, 42% of adults suffer from at least two chronic conditions.?? For example, consider an overweight person who has both diabetes and heart disease. Chronic Diseases and Conditions According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), chronic diseases and conditions such as heart disease, stroke, cancer, diabetes, obesity, and arthritis are among the most common, costly, and preventable of all health problems.?? Many of the most common chronic conditions in the U.S. are the result of behaviors such as poor diet and a sedentary lifestyle.?? Unhealthy lifestyle choices contribute to years of chronic disease management and often also increased mortality as well as the dramatic rise in healthcare spending in the U.S. over the past few decades. These observations explain why an increasing focus on disease prevention has developed in recent years through tobacco cessation, improved nutrition, and increased physical activity. The following is a list of some other common chronic diseases and conditions: ALS (Lou Gehrigs Disease)Alzheimers disease  and dementiaArthritisAsthmaCancerChronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)Cystic fibrosisDiabetesEating disordersHeart diseaseObesityOral healthOsteoporosisReflex sympathetic dystrophy (RSD) syndrome Chronic Depression Chronic illness isnt limited to physical health conditions. Mental health disorders may also be considered chronic. Dysthymia  (now known as persistent depressive disorder or PDD) is a type of chronic depression in which a person may have symptoms that are less severe than major depressive disorder (MDD) but that linger for at least two years (or one year in children and adolescents).?? Although PDD is less severe than  major depression, its long-lasting nature can make it difficult for an affected person to function in their daily life. It may also put the person at an increased risk of  suicide. About half of those with PDD will have an episode of major depression at some point in their lives. When an episode of major depression is layered on top of PDD, this is referred to as double depression. Treatment for chronic depression usually includes  antidepressant medication  and/or  psychotherapy.?? Treatment Unlike treating an acute illness, treatment for a chronic condition often involves multiple approaches to alleviate the physical symptoms as well as manage the mental toll.?? In fact, depression is a common complication of chronic illness. Treatment can include medication (over-the-counter and prescription), lifestyle changes, complementary medicine, and therapy. Lifestyle Changes Making  lifestyle changes, for example,  can make a huge difference in how you feel each day, as well as the extent and severity of your illness and symptoms.?? Changes can be as drastic as changing jobs to better accommodate your illness or as simple as pacing activities so you can push through on good days and rest on bad days. Some other lifestyle changes to consider: Journaling: Writing down your symptoms (both physical and mental) can help you track your illness so you can better prepare for the ups and downs. Journaling is also a great way to get a handle on emotions that may be interfering with feeling your best.Diet and exercise: Of course, what you eat and how much you exercise will depend on the type of chronic illness youre coping with. That said, working with your healthcare team to create a quality diet and consistent exercise plan can help your body and mind function at its best.Sleep: A good nights rest is crucial for managing pain, depression, stress, and more. If you begin having trouble sleeping, the worry and stress of living with a chronic illness may be to blame. Try writing down your worries before bed, creating a relaxing nighttime ritual (like a warm bath or meditation), and be mindful of proper sleep hygiene (which should include keeping your bedroom cool and electronic-free and avoiding alcohol, caffeine, and heavy exercise too close to shut-eye).Breathing and mindfulness: Paying attention to something as simple as your breath (inhaling and exhaling deeply) can be a go-to technique for staying in the moment and keeping yourself calm when you get overwhelmed by your illness. This is one example of mindfulness, or the practice of observing your thoughts, feelings, and physical sensations in a non-judgmental way, which can be done anytime, anywhere. Medical Marijuana Marijuana  is increasingly being prescribed to treat a variety of chronic illnesses.?? In fact, advocates cite dozens of symptoms ranging from pain to depression to panic attacks that can be treated and managed with medical marijuana. Research is mostly anecdotal in nature, however, so your best bet is to talk to your doctor about the pros and cons of using medical marijuana for your specific condition. Pros and Cons of Medical Marijuana Antidepressants/Anti-Anxiety Medication Many people with chronic illness become clinically depressed or live with co-occurring anxiety as a result  of the symptoms and lifestyle changes that come with chronic illness.?? In most cases, the disease itself does not cause these mental health issues. In these cases, treatment may include a prescription antidepressant or anti-anxiety medication like Xanax (alprazolam), Klonopin (clonazepam), Ativan (lorazepam). Psychotherapy Many people find therapy helpful in addressing how health-imposed changes to your life impact you mentally and physically. Therapy may include individual, group, couples, or family therapy. Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), for example, can help address both psychological and physiological conditions.?? CBT can help you to change any thoughts, actions, or behaviors  that may be worsening your symptoms. Other types of therapy for chronic illness may include behavior therapy, cognitive therapy, and dialectical behavior therapy. Alternative Therapies Many people with chronic illness turn to alternative and holistic therapies along with their conventional treatment to help better manage their daily symptoms and improve their overall physical and mental functioning. Again, what works for you will depend on your specific illness and symptoms, so its best to consult your medical provider about whats safe to try. Some common alternative therapies include: AcupunctureGuided imageryHerbal remediesHypnotherapy and biofeedbackMassage, reiki, and other bodyworkMeditationReflexologyYogaQigong Alternative vs. Complementary Medicine Coping Coping with a chronic illness means coping with the physical and mental effects. You may be dealing with invisible symptoms like pain, fatigue, depression, and stress. Plus, your illness may be impacting your home, work, social, and financial life, which can cause added anxiety and uncertainty about what lies ahead. The following are some tips to cope with a chronic illness. Manage Stress If left unmanaged, stress can make it even harder to deal with the day-to-day living of a chronic illness.?? Learning to recognize the signs is a great first step in managing your stress. Some common ones: AnxietyBody achesFatigueHeadachesIrritabilityLoss of interest in activities you once enjoyedRelationship issuesSadnessSleep disturbancesTrouble concentrating 17 Highly Effective Stress Relievers Seek Counseling If youre experiencing the effects of stress, depression, or anxiety, consider talking to a mental health professional who has training in coping with chronic illness. Ask your physician for a referral. Individual or group therapy can help you sort through the frustration, anxiety, and other emotions you may be experiencing. By sharing your personal experiences, you can begin to regain control and better cope with the impact chronic illness is having on your daily life. How to Find the Best Therapist for Your Mental Health Find Support Perhaps the most valuable part of a support group (in-person or online) is talking to others who feel just like you. A support group is a great place to vent frustrations, share ideas, and swap coping strategies. Just knowing that you’re not alone can give you the motivation to stay positive and stay the course.   For Caregivers Chronic illness can impact the entire family, especially if you’re the sole caregiver.?? Taking time out to care for yourself isn’t selfish; its a priority and perhaps the best thing you can do for you loved one. After all, if you’re not physically and mentally healthy and strong, you won’t have the energy to give your all. Keep learning: Do your best to stay informed about your loved ones condition, including symptoms and treatment side effects. This will help you know what to expect. Ask your doctor for some recommendations of reliable resources for information and support.  Prioritize self-care: This includes getting enough sleep, eating a quality diet, exercising, making time for hobbies, finding alone time, and practicing relaxation strategies. If you’re having a hard time managing stress and feel fatigued and burnt out, don’t be afraid to seek help from a mental health professional.  Stay connected: Whether you find a local or online support group or just set a weekly date with a trusted friend, staying socially connected can help you feel less isolated and give you a much-deserved break from your role as caregiver.

My Beloved Family And Friends - 2062 Words

To my beloved family and friends: Although at 37 years old I do not consider myself to be old yet, I have lived long enough to have learned and experienced a vast amount of valuable lessons and knowledge that I would like to pass on to you. While I have faced many challenges and adversities in the past, I have come to realize that even with its ups and downs, my life thus far has been an incredible journey. With that statement, I want to share with you some of my most precious experiences, values, and hopes for the future, as I believe that you will carry them with you as part of my legacy. As I think about my life, I need to express to you what events and circumstances played the most important role in shaping who I am today. First off I am incredibly thankful for having the opportunity to live and enjoy the remarkable country that is the United States. Furthermore, I feel very fortunate to have been born and raised in my beautiful home country of Poland. Having the opportunity to experience in-depth two distinct cultures and societies have given me the knowledge and awareness about the world that I consider to be unique and remarkable. Although living in one country and having family in another has presented many challenges, I know that these circumstances have made me the strong and resilient person that I am today. I want you to know that I feel truly blessed to have experienced first-hand the many opportunities that living in the United States offers. While I loveShow MoreRelatedMy Family And Beloved Friends2256 Words   |  10 Pages Every year me and my dearest family and beloved friends would embark on a journey to my long deceased Uncle’s manor.My uncle died in the year 1867 at the age of eighty, the doctors never quite understood how he died but when he was found the maid said that he was holding a picture of tree which stood in the house gardens.However this picture was never seen after the maid put it on the mantelpiece after his death, nor the tree. As I woke up I could already smell the sweet scent of freshly bakedRead MoreEssay on Love in Toni Morrisons Beloved646 Words   |  3 Pagesit. It can come in the form of partners, friends, or just simply family. To some, love is something of a necessity in life, where some would rather turn a cold shoulder to it. Love can be the mixture of passion, need, lust, loyalty, and blood. Love can be extraordinary and breathtaking. Love being held so high can also be dangerous. Love can drive people to numerous mad things with it dangerously so full of craze and passion. In Toni Morrisons Beloved, there were many different love filled andRead MoreAnalysis Of Toni Morrison s Beloved 1524 Words   |  7 PagesShai-Dae Alford Dr. DuBose ENG 490-02 10 April 2016 Slave Narrative: Beloved Toni Morrison conveys her strong feelings in her novel about slavery depicting the emotional impact slavery has had on individual mainly the centered character Sethe. The protagonist of the novel is unable to fully prosper in life due to resentment and the ability to move on from her past experiences. In Morrison’s story, since 1873 slavery was abolished for ten years in Cincinnati, Ohio. By the author choosing this settingRead MoreIsolation in Dr. Frankenstein1463 Words   |  6 PagesIsolation is one the roots of the problems and calamities endured by many characters depicted in the beloved and Dr Frankenstein. We see individuals like Sethe forced into slavery, she was abandoned by her mother, who was killed after a failed attempt to run away. She experienced hard times before being sold to sweet home at a tender age. Fast forward down years later, she started her own family with Halle. We see Sethe turn out to be someone who is obsessed with taking care of her children, weRead MoreToni Morrison s Beloved : Cycle Of Claim1007 Words   |  5 PagesCycle of Claim in Toni Morrison’s Beloved Toni Morrison’s Beloved centers around the repercussions of slavery. The novel reveals that the memories of enslavement, particularly the denial of them, effect life even after slavery is abolished. The black community is unwilling to accept their past, causing them to lack self identities. Even after escaping a life of bondage, the characters are forever trapped in the external world of slavery. As Sethe says on page 95, â€Å"Freeing yourself was one thing;Read MoreThe Lovely Bones and Beloved Essay1739 Words   |  7 PagesA comparison of the ways that the dead affect the living in the novels Beloved by Toni Morrison and The Lovely Bones by Alice Sebold. In the novels that I have chosen to study, several themes are prominent in both. Both novels deal with a brutal murder of a young female, and the impact surrounding her death. They also deal with the idea of the dead, directly or indirectly communicating with the living. The novels address the theory that ‘ghosts’ cannot move onto the next life until they have resolvedRead MoreThe Beauty of Shakespeares Sonnets1350 Words   |  6 Pagesin this poem, and in the eyes who read it. This sonnet truly expresses the real meaning of friendship because he is telling his friends that he wants to keep their memory alive forever. According to Ox quarry books Ltd, â€Å"Sonnet 55 shares a theme with that of many others, which oppose the power to verse death and Times cruel knife, and promise immortality to the beloved.† For example, in the two last stanzas of sonnet 55, Shakespeare states, â€Å"So till the judgment that yourselfRead MoreFeminism in Beloved1502 Words   |  7 PagesA Feminist Outlook on Maternal vs. Paternal Instincts in Beloved Since the beginning of time, the mother and child relationship has differed greatly from the father and child relationship. Though both parents love their child greatly, both parents dare not cross certain boundaries. The limitations of protection for a mother are far different from paternal limitations. In her novel, Beloved, Morrison introduces the subject of infanticide, and explores the differences in justification between menRead MoreThe Beloved Country By Alan Paton931 Words   |  4 PagesFamily in Cry, the Beloved Country One cannot run from hardships, for they occur every day, appear suddenly, and can quickly consume hope. Instead one must face these difficulties and overcome them. However, to rise above obstacles alone would only cause further misery and despair. The struggler’s family should rally behind him to comfort and assist him in his time of need. In Cry, the Beloved Country, a 1948 contemporary novel, Alan Paton uses parallelism to emphasize the importance of familyRead MoreMore Than Just Autism : The Serious Impairment Of Reciprocal Communication Essay761 Words   |  4 Pagesautistic children. In my life, I have met different couples that had been damaged or destroyed by the power of the sickness of one child. I have seen siblings emotionally killed because of the current situation of their beloved autistic sibling. As a teacher, I know I will never be able to work with this type of children, but I need to find the way to emotionally and spiritually help the siblings and paren ts that have children with this kind of disability. How? I am still clueless. My perception of autism

Human Resource Management Literature Review - 1719 Words

Week 7 Literature review HR590 Human Resource Management Literature Review - Introduction In the intensely competitive and global environments that companies of today operate in, it is very critical that a company is able to attract and select employees with the right talents and also is able to ensure that they have the skills, knowledge and abilities for effectively doing the job they have been hired for. It is essential to invest time and effort in a recruitment process to ensure that the company is recruiting the right people for the required positions in the company. From the perspective of the team or person that is responsible for conducting the hiring process as well, having well defined end to end process helps them to understand what is needed and helps in guiding them in the activity of finding the right type of candidates that should be hired for the job (Heathfield, n.d.). Given this context, it is important to have a well-defined process at every stage of recruitment planning to final selection and onboarding and these are discussed in this paper. Job Analysis Job analysis assists to identify the content of work on the basis of qualities required to undertake the job, the involved activities, and also ascertains the key requirements in the job. One of the key reasons for carrying out job analysis is to make job specifications and job descriptions that assist an organization to take into service people with the right qualities. The overallShow MoreRelatedLiterature Review of Human Resource Management, theory versus practice2101 Words   |  9 Pagesrelationship between human resource management and organizational outcomes is one of the long-standing goals of macro human resources management research. – Kaifeng Jiang et al 2011 With rapid change in the economic environment managers and scholars have been motivated to seek competitive advantages through new sources. The role of a skilled, motivated and flexible workforce has become more prominent than traditional attributes such as technology, economies of scale or natural resources. This is illustratedRead MoreStrategic Human Resources Management: a Review of the Literature and a Proposed Typology10855 Words   |  44 PagesStrategic Human Resources Management: A Review of the Literature and a Proposed Typology Cynthia A. Lengnick-Hall; Mark L. Lengnick-Hall The Academy of Management Review, Vol. 13, No. 3. (Jul., 1988), pp. 454-470. Stable URL: http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0363-7425%28198807%2913%3A3%3C454%3ASHRMAR%3E2.0.CO%3B2-0 The Academy of Management Review is currently published by Academy of Management. Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of JSTORs Terms and Conditions of Use, availableRead MoreStrategic Human Resources Management: a Review of the Literature and a Proposed Typology10845 Words   |  44 PagesStrategic Human Resources Management: A Review of the Literature and a Proposed Typology Cynthia A. Lengnick-Hall; Mark L. Lengnick-Hall The Academy of Management Review, Vol. 13, No. 3. (Jul., 1988), pp. 454-470. Stable URL: http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0363-7425%28198807%2913%3A3%3C454%3ASHRMAR%3E2.0.CO%3B2-0 The Academy of Management Review is currently published by Academy of Management. Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of JSTORs Terms and Conditions of Use, availableRead MoreLiterature Review of Recruitment and Selection in International Human Resource Management1779 Words   |  8 PagesLiterature review of Recruitment and Selection in International Human Resource Management Introduction Staffing is one of the main functions on Human Resource Management, refer to International Human Resource Management perspective, staffing will be more important on the managing by the headquartered company to their subsidiaries in order to gain more competitive advantage for them. As a company want to achieve the mind of globalization, they must choose a suitable staffing approach in orderRead MoreA Study On Refining Organizational Training Essay951 Words   |  4 Pagescapabilities is at the core front of any organization. This capstone literature review plan focuses on refining organizational training research, demonstrating an understanding of current organizational environment and limitations, and how the capstone project can fit in the global context of training. II. Describe a plan to collect and organize literature that explains the history of the topic. This capstone project literature review will consist of historic and present studies of employee trainingRead MoreDevelopment Of Human Resource Management Essay1657 Words   |  7 Pages Literature Review â€Å"Thirty-two years of development of human resource management in China: Review and prospects† (Shuming Zhao, Juan Du, 2012) is a journal paper that concentrating on the hypothetical advancements and practical applications of HRM, it first audits the move of HRM in China from planned labor force allocation to current HR management in three particular eras since China s reformation and opening-up. 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The demand of a transforming world influences roles in human resource management and women occupying leadership position. Both topics depth with challenges that produce opportunities to structure organizations future. In order to sustain the advancement of the United States economy, organizations need restructure the way its Human Resource administrateRead MoreCritical Success Factors For Enterprise Resource Planning Implementation Success1740 Words   |  7 Pages Introduction This paper is a critical review of the article ‘Critical Success Factors for Enterprise Resource Planning Implementation Success’ which was published in the ‘International Journal of Advances in Engineering Technology’. In this review, the article summary is presented first before an analysis of its structure. The critique of the article then follows, focusing on the author’s authority, the accuracy of the article as a source of information, the currency of the article, its relevanceRead MoreHuman Resource Management Development Into A Prevailing Application Of Research1085 Words   |  5 PagesConsequently, is it not surprising that the literature of the 1990s points to human resource management’s development into a prevailing application of research. Marciano (1995) suggests that human resource management had practically displaced â€Å"personnel and in many schools threatening to supplant industrial relations and organizational behaviorâ €  (p. 223). Yet, at the same time defining human resource management was elusive with the inability â€Å"in identifying its boundaries, or in distinguishing it

Amelioration and Emancipation Oct. 20, 2009 Free Essays

string(56) " and tickets to sell in the markets could be withdrawn\." Amelioration The anti-slavery movement developed in the early 1800s was a formidable force in the quest to end slavery. The West India Committee, in a bid to head off attacks, agreed to proposals to improve the condition of the slaves. These proposals were called amelioration proposals and came into effect in 1823. We will write a custom essay sample on Amelioration and Emancipation Oct. 20, 2009 or any similar topic only for you Order Now The proposals said that the British government should write to each of the colonial governors, suggesting that the assemblies pass local laws to improve the condition of slaves. The proposals were as follows: 1. Female slaves should not be whipped, and the overseers and drivers should not carry a whip in the fields. . Records should be kept of all lashes given to male slaves and all punishments should be put off for at least 24 hours. 3. Religious instruction and marriages were to be encouraged. 4. Slaves could testify in court against a free man, provided that a minister supplied him with a character reference. 5. Slaves should have time off on Saturdays to go to market, so they would be free to attend church on Sunday mornings. 6. Slaves should not be sold as payment for debts. 7. There should be the establishment of slave savings banks which would help slaves to save money to buy their freedom. The failure of amelioration These measures were met with fierce resistance from colonies such as Jamaica, Barbados, St Vincent and Dominica. Instead of improved conditions for the slaves, they faced increased brutality from the planters. In the end, most of the assemblies passed only a few of the less-important amelioration proposals. Amelioration failed, but it provided one of the major impetuses for the abolition of slavery. It became evident that the planters were unwilling to improve the lives of the slaves and, as such, the only other option was to put an end to slavery. Emancipation 1. All slaves in the British Empire were to be set free on August 1, 1834. 2. Slave children under six years old were to be freed immediately. 3. All other slaves were to serve a period of apprenticeship. They were to work for their masters for 401/2 hours per week. They would be paid only for overtime. Praedial (field) slaves were to serve six years apprenticeship and non-praedial (domestic) slaves to serve four years. 4. Planters were to continue providing food, shelter, clothing, medical care and other allowances which they were accustomed to during slavery. Apprentices could not be sold and they could buy their freedom before apprenticeship came to an end. 5. A sum of ? 20 million was granted by the British Parliament to compensate slave owners for the loss of their slaves. 6. Stipendiary magistrates (SMs) were to be sent from England to ensure the proper working of the apprenticeship system and to settle all disputes between masters and apprentices. THE APPRENTICESHIP SYSTEM Aims of Apprenticeship a) To provide a peaceful transition from slavery to freedom. b) To guarantee planters an adequate supply of labour during the period and prepare for full freedom. ) To train apprentices for freedom, especially working for wages. d) To enable the colonial governments to revise the system of justice and establish institutions suitable for a free society. The stipendiary magistrates were retired naval and army officers on half pay, appointed from Britain and were accustomed to rough conditions and enforcing discipline. They were chosen because t hey were not connected to the planter class and it was felt that they would not be biased. Duties of stipendiary magistrates a) To supervise the apprenticeship system. b) To settle disputes between masters and apprentices. ) To visit estates at regular intervals and hold court. d) To inspect jail and workhouses. e) To assist in fixing the value of slaves who wanted to buy their freedom. These duties were strenuous and led to the death of many SMs who were not accustomed to tropical conditions and could not afford the high cost of medical treatment. Conditions of employment Salary – ? 300 for the first year then increased to ? 450 for travel expenses and housing. There was no pension for dependants if the SM died in service. There was also no sick leave and he had to pay his own fare back home if he were dismissed or out of service. These bad working conditions prevented SMs from performing their duties satisfactorily and many were easily bribed by planters. They were also overburdened by work because they were so few in numbers. Those who tried to do their duties were sometimes persecuted. They were abused physically, verbally and in the press and they were often obstructed in the performance of their duties as planters sometimes refused to allow them on the estates. Success of stipendiary magistrates a) They listened to complaints from both sides and acted as a buffer between masters and apprentices. ) They informed apprentices of their rights; they did not have to listen to gossip or obtain information from newspapers. c) They helped apprentices to organise their lives better by giving advice. However, they had very little to formulate schemes to improve the social conditions of the apprentices. They were unable to prevent apprentices from being punished harshly. Punishments Apprentices were usually sent to t he workhouse. However, SMs had no control over what happened there. The most common form of punishment in the workhouse was the treadmill. There was also the whipping post and apprentices could be put in penal gangs. Females often had their heads shaved. Time lost in the workhouse had to be repaid by the apprentice by working for his master during his free time. Methods to control apprentices on the estates †¢ It was illegal for apprentices to leave the estate without written permission. †¢ Valuations on able-bodied slaves were often inflated. †¢ High fees were charged for the use of the markets and for licences to work off the estates as carpenters, blacksmiths and so on. These licences and tickets to sell in the markets could be withdrawn. You read "Amelioration and Emancipation Oct. 20, 2009" in category "Papers" Refusal of planters to give customary allowances. †¢ Finding fault with apprentices’, work which had to be done over in the apprentices’ free time. †¢ Locking up apprentices on false charges and dropping the charges before the arrival of the SM. †¢ Cutting down app rentices’ fruit trees and forbidding them to own livestock. †¢ Spreading the 40 1/2 hours per week over five days instead of four. †¢ Paying low wages, making unfair deductions from wages, paying wages late. The End of Apprenticeship Apprenticeship ended for ALL apprentices in 1838 because: a) The system was not achieving its aims. ) The anti-slavery society exposed the abuses in the system and began to campaign for full freedom. c) The planters feared violence if domestic apprentices were freed before field apprentices. d) Some planters felt that it was cheaper not to have to provide for apprentices and only to employ the number of labourers they needed. Note: Antigua granted full freedom to their slaves. The planters decided against apprenticeship. The apprenticeship system came to an end in 1838 when the colonial governments in each colony voted against its continuation. Nineteenth century immigration (Part 1) Reason for immigration 1. A decrease in the labour force. With the end of the apprenticeship system in 1838, the planters no longer had a labour force they could easily control. Apprentices had now gained their freedom and many were reluctant to work any at all on the plantation. In the smaller territories, where the ability to access land was limited and alternative occupations were limited, ex-slaves had no choice but to continue plantation work. For example, planters in Barbados and St Kitts had very little difficulty in accessing labour in the post-Emancipation period. It was in the large territories, such as Jamaica, British Guiana and Trinidad, that planters faced such difficulty and had to turn to immigration schemes as an alternative labour source. The hope was that immigration would provide a permanent source of labour for the plantations. 2. An attempt to suppress wages. There was the hope that immigration would generate competition for the ex-slaves and so help to keep wages down. Ex-slaves demanded adequate remuneration, but the planters found that they could suppress wages if they could introduce cheap foreign labour. This, in essence, would reduce the demand power of the ex-slaves because if they refused what was being offered, an immigrant was quite able to fill the position. Besides, if sugar production was to continue, a cheap, efficient and reliable source of labour had to be found. Immigration schemes THE EUROPEANS Due to a decline in the white population, planters sought European immigrants to increase the size of the white population. It was hoped that Europeans would set an example of industry to ex-slaves and as well eventually develop into a middle class. They would settle on available land in the interior, thus forcing ex-slaves off the land and back to the plantations. Jamaica imported the largest number. Europeans also went to Trinidad, British Guiana and St Kitts. These immigrants were mainly Scots, Irish, French and Germans. They were recruited under a bounty system. Problems with European Immigration Europeans were unsatisfactory as most died shortly after they arrived. They died from tropical diseases, heat stroke and many drank themselves to death. They also refused to work on the plantations with blacks. Many asked to be sent home or migrated to the United States. Planters also failed to supply proper food, shelter and medical facilities. THE PORTUGUESE In Madeira, workers were paid only one third of what they could earn in the islands per day, so they were attracted by the higher wages being offered in the Caribbean, especially British Guiana. Many went to Trinidad and a few to the Windward Islands. They were brought in by government bounty. Most came during periods of famine in Madeira (1846-1847). Their numbers decreased after 1847 until the scheme ended in 1882. Problems with Madeiran immigration The Madeirans died in large numbers. They suffered severely from yellow fever, malaria, overwork and inadequate food. The scheme was very irregular and most of them went into trading as soon as their contracts ended. In addition, the Madeiran Government objected to the scheme, since so many of its citizens were leaving, and implemented measures making it difficult for their recruitment. THE AFRICANS There were two distinct groups of Africans that were used as labourers in the post-emancipation period. These were the free Africans and the liberated Africans. The free Africans were persons who willingly opted to come and work on the plantations in the Caribbean. The liberated Africans were persons freed by British naval personnel from vessels illegally transporting them to the Caribbean as slaves. Free Africans Attempts were made to obtain Africans from the Kru Coast and Sierra Leone. The British Government was reluctant to grant approval of this scheme as it seemed to be a revival of the slave trade. However, in 1840, approval was granted. At first, they were recruited privately, but the British government assumed direct control two years later. Problems 1. Very few Africans were willing to come to the Caribbean. There were no catastrophes in Africa, which would make them leave. 2. Many who came to the Caribbean did not remain on the plantation; rather they followed the ex-slaves and settled on lands and became peasant farmers. Liberated Africans The largest number of Africans who came to the British Caribbean were ‘rescued’ by the British Navy from slave ships bound for Cuba and Brazil. These Africans were forcibly indentured for up to five years in the Caribbean primarily in British Guiana, Trinidad and Jamaica. Problems 1. The number of liberated Africans was too small to make a difference to the labour situation. This scheme ended when Cuba and Brazil abolished slavery in 1866 and 1888, respectively. Like the ex-slaves, they abandoned the estates and settled on land. THE CHINESE The first Chinese immigrants arrived in Trinidad in 1806 from Malaya. They were to be indentured for five years, with a promise of small plots of land afterwards. They were extremely unsuitable for estate labourer and most were shipped back. Most Chinese immigrants came during the period 1859-1886 and went to British Guiana, Jamaica and Trinidad. They came mostly from the Portuguese colony of Macao and from Canton. Others came as well because of the Teiping Rebellion (1851-1864). Problems with Chinese Immigration Planters complained that the Chinese did not make good estate workers and few re-indentured themselves. They preferred to return to China or open retail shops. In addition, they were more expensive than the Indians. The Chinese Government also insisted that a full return passage be granted after a five-year indenture contract. The planters were willing to pay this only after two five-year contract. The Chinese Government also opposed immigration because they were ill-treated in Cuba. Most Chinese avoided the West Indies preferring to go to the United States or to find work nearer home in Java or the Philippines. Lastly, race relations between blacks and Chinese were quite poor. THE INDIANS The first Indians arrived in 1838 on Gladstone’s Estate in British Guiana. However, the British Government stopped the scheme because of evidence of ill-treatment and the high death rate among the immigrant in Mauritius. However, due to pressure from the planters the British re-opened Indians immigration scheme in 1844. It was not difficult to find willing immigrants. Many craftsmen had lost their jobs due to competition from mechanised factories and mills of England. India was becoming overpopulated and there was not enough land to divide among the younger generation. Wages in India had fallen to 1/2d per day and there was a series of famine during the period 1857-1877 that led to an increase in food prices. Those escaping the police and the caste system were also willing to migrate. The Caribbean seemed attractive with high wages, shelter, medical care and a chance to find new occupations beside agriculture. Indians were easily recruited as India was a British colony. British ships and trading costs were already there and the British Government could easily provide British officials to supervise the scheme. Planters were satisfied with the Indians because they were hardworking, accustomed to tropical agriculture and re-indentured themselves. Economic effect on the sugar industry British West Indian planters had turned to immigration as a means of reviving the sugar industry. The hope was that with the steady supply of labour, planters could focus on increasing their output. Immigration, however, did not have its desired impact, especially in a colony like Jamaica. In territories such as Trinidad and British Guiana, we cannot assume that it was immigration that saved their sugar industry. For instance, they introduced mechanisation and placed more lands under sugar cane cultivation. These could be seen as measures that helped to save their sugar industries. Barbados could be used as another example. Up to 1848, there had seen an increase in their output by 250 per cent. However, by the end of the 19th century this had declined. We cannot assume that this was because Barbados was not using immigrant labour that its output declined. During the period, the territory was plagued by problems, including soil exhaustion and inadequate mechanisation. The overall conclusion must be that immigration did not cause increased sugar production in the British West Indies, as many other factors could have been responsible. Other economic effects 1. As a result of Indian immigration, the rice industry was developed in British Guiana and the cocoa industry in Trinidad. 2. They also helped to make central factories profitable by cultivating cane on small farms then selling it to the central factory. Social effects 1. Indians were considered inferior and they could only acquire poorly paid jobs. They could not settle in the towns, but had to live in the countryside where they formed an active peasant class. The employment of Indians mainly as field workers led to the employment of blacks in better jobs, for example, the police force. 2. The ex-slaves despised the Indians and refused to work alongside them in the fields. They were described as ‘heathens’ because of their speech and clothing. Indians also despised the blacks because of their alleged low moral standards. 3. Immigration led to the expansion of social services, for example, medical facilities and a large police force. Cultural effects 1. Family – Indians brought their firm family structure, in which all relations supported each other. The idea of extended family, which included several generations, was very strong. All males over age 16 were members of the family council and made all decisions of the family, for example, marriage, religious ceremonies and expenditure. 2. Religion – Hinduism – Hindus worshipped several gods, of which Brahma was the most important. He was the supreme god or creator. They believed that when people die, their souls are reborn in a new body. The Hindus had very strict divisions in the society; this was known as the caste system. Each person belonged to a special group or caste. The Brahmins or the religious leaders were at the top of the society and the Hindus in the Caribbean continued to follow them as their leaders. Islam – A number of Indians who came were also Muslims. They believed in one God, Allah. They followed the teachings of the Quran. . Festivals – Divali or festival of lights was celebrated by the Hindus. They told stories, shared gifts, decorated their windows and doors with lights and candles. Hosein – A Muslim festival for small temples made from paper and bamboo were decorated and carried in a procession through the streets, accompanied by dancing to the beats of drums. 4. Food – roti, rice, curry 5. Dress – turban sari 6. Buildings – Hindu temples Muslim mosques houses built in Indian styles Other cultural effects The Indians normally segregated themselves deliberately in the educational institution. Oftentimes, they were unwilling to send their children to school since they feared they could be converted to Christianity. It was not until the late 1870s when separate schools for Indian children were established, mainly by the Canadian Presbyterian Mission to the Indians, that Indian children went to school and language barriers began to crumble. Indian integration in the Caribbean was not very easy since many of them spoke the Hindi language which served as a language barrier. | | How to cite Amelioration and Emancipation Oct. 20, 2009, Papers

Amelioration and Emancipation Oct. 20, 2009 Free Essays

string(56) " and tickets to sell in the markets could be withdrawn\." Amelioration The anti-slavery movement developed in the early 1800s was a formidable force in the quest to end slavery. The West India Committee, in a bid to head off attacks, agreed to proposals to improve the condition of the slaves. These proposals were called amelioration proposals and came into effect in 1823. We will write a custom essay sample on Amelioration and Emancipation Oct. 20, 2009 or any similar topic only for you Order Now The proposals said that the British government should write to each of the colonial governors, suggesting that the assemblies pass local laws to improve the condition of slaves. The proposals were as follows: 1. Female slaves should not be whipped, and the overseers and drivers should not carry a whip in the fields. . Records should be kept of all lashes given to male slaves and all punishments should be put off for at least 24 hours. 3. Religious instruction and marriages were to be encouraged. 4. Slaves could testify in court against a free man, provided that a minister supplied him with a character reference. 5. Slaves should have time off on Saturdays to go to market, so they would be free to attend church on Sunday mornings. 6. Slaves should not be sold as payment for debts. 7. There should be the establishment of slave savings banks which would help slaves to save money to buy their freedom. The failure of amelioration These measures were met with fierce resistance from colonies such as Jamaica, Barbados, St Vincent and Dominica. Instead of improved conditions for the slaves, they faced increased brutality from the planters. In the end, most of the assemblies passed only a few of the less-important amelioration proposals. Amelioration failed, but it provided one of the major impetuses for the abolition of slavery. It became evident that the planters were unwilling to improve the lives of the slaves and, as such, the only other option was to put an end to slavery. Emancipation 1. All slaves in the British Empire were to be set free on August 1, 1834. 2. Slave children under six years old were to be freed immediately. 3. All other slaves were to serve a period of apprenticeship. They were to work for their masters for 401/2 hours per week. They would be paid only for overtime. Praedial (field) slaves were to serve six years apprenticeship and non-praedial (domestic) slaves to serve four years. 4. Planters were to continue providing food, shelter, clothing, medical care and other allowances which they were accustomed to during slavery. Apprentices could not be sold and they could buy their freedom before apprenticeship came to an end. 5. A sum of ? 20 million was granted by the British Parliament to compensate slave owners for the loss of their slaves. 6. Stipendiary magistrates (SMs) were to be sent from England to ensure the proper working of the apprenticeship system and to settle all disputes between masters and apprentices. THE APPRENTICESHIP SYSTEM Aims of Apprenticeship a) To provide a peaceful transition from slavery to freedom. b) To guarantee planters an adequate supply of labour during the period and prepare for full freedom. ) To train apprentices for freedom, especially working for wages. d) To enable the colonial governments to revise the system of justice and establish institutions suitable for a free society. The stipendiary magistrates were retired naval and army officers on half pay, appointed from Britain and were accustomed to rough conditions and enforcing discipline. They were chosen because t hey were not connected to the planter class and it was felt that they would not be biased. Duties of stipendiary magistrates a) To supervise the apprenticeship system. b) To settle disputes between masters and apprentices. ) To visit estates at regular intervals and hold court. d) To inspect jail and workhouses. e) To assist in fixing the value of slaves who wanted to buy their freedom. These duties were strenuous and led to the death of many SMs who were not accustomed to tropical conditions and could not afford the high cost of medical treatment. Conditions of employment Salary – ? 300 for the first year then increased to ? 450 for travel expenses and housing. There was no pension for dependants if the SM died in service. There was also no sick leave and he had to pay his own fare back home if he were dismissed or out of service. These bad working conditions prevented SMs from performing their duties satisfactorily and many were easily bribed by planters. They were also overburdened by work because they were so few in numbers. Those who tried to do their duties were sometimes persecuted. They were abused physically, verbally and in the press and they were often obstructed in the performance of their duties as planters sometimes refused to allow them on the estates. Success of stipendiary magistrates a) They listened to complaints from both sides and acted as a buffer between masters and apprentices. ) They informed apprentices of their rights; they did not have to listen to gossip or obtain information from newspapers. c) They helped apprentices to organise their lives better by giving advice. However, they had very little to formulate schemes to improve the social conditions of the apprentices. They were unable to prevent apprentices from being punished harshly. Punishments Apprentices were usually sent to t he workhouse. However, SMs had no control over what happened there. The most common form of punishment in the workhouse was the treadmill. There was also the whipping post and apprentices could be put in penal gangs. Females often had their heads shaved. Time lost in the workhouse had to be repaid by the apprentice by working for his master during his free time. Methods to control apprentices on the estates †¢ It was illegal for apprentices to leave the estate without written permission. †¢ Valuations on able-bodied slaves were often inflated. †¢ High fees were charged for the use of the markets and for licences to work off the estates as carpenters, blacksmiths and so on. These licences and tickets to sell in the markets could be withdrawn. You read "Amelioration and Emancipation Oct. 20, 2009" in category "Papers" Refusal of planters to give customary allowances. †¢ Finding fault with apprentices’, work which had to be done over in the apprentices’ free time. †¢ Locking up apprentices on false charges and dropping the charges before the arrival of the SM. †¢ Cutting down app rentices’ fruit trees and forbidding them to own livestock. †¢ Spreading the 40 1/2 hours per week over five days instead of four. †¢ Paying low wages, making unfair deductions from wages, paying wages late. The End of Apprenticeship Apprenticeship ended for ALL apprentices in 1838 because: a) The system was not achieving its aims. ) The anti-slavery society exposed the abuses in the system and began to campaign for full freedom. c) The planters feared violence if domestic apprentices were freed before field apprentices. d) Some planters felt that it was cheaper not to have to provide for apprentices and only to employ the number of labourers they needed. Note: Antigua granted full freedom to their slaves. The planters decided against apprenticeship. The apprenticeship system came to an end in 1838 when the colonial governments in each colony voted against its continuation. Nineteenth century immigration (Part 1) Reason for immigration 1. A decrease in the labour force. With the end of the apprenticeship system in 1838, the planters no longer had a labour force they could easily control. Apprentices had now gained their freedom and many were reluctant to work any at all on the plantation. In the smaller territories, where the ability to access land was limited and alternative occupations were limited, ex-slaves had no choice but to continue plantation work. For example, planters in Barbados and St Kitts had very little difficulty in accessing labour in the post-Emancipation period. It was in the large territories, such as Jamaica, British Guiana and Trinidad, that planters faced such difficulty and had to turn to immigration schemes as an alternative labour source. The hope was that immigration would provide a permanent source of labour for the plantations. 2. An attempt to suppress wages. There was the hope that immigration would generate competition for the ex-slaves and so help to keep wages down. Ex-slaves demanded adequate remuneration, but the planters found that they could suppress wages if they could introduce cheap foreign labour. This, in essence, would reduce the demand power of the ex-slaves because if they refused what was being offered, an immigrant was quite able to fill the position. Besides, if sugar production was to continue, a cheap, efficient and reliable source of labour had to be found. Immigration schemes THE EUROPEANS Due to a decline in the white population, planters sought European immigrants to increase the size of the white population. It was hoped that Europeans would set an example of industry to ex-slaves and as well eventually develop into a middle class. They would settle on available land in the interior, thus forcing ex-slaves off the land and back to the plantations. Jamaica imported the largest number. Europeans also went to Trinidad, British Guiana and St Kitts. These immigrants were mainly Scots, Irish, French and Germans. They were recruited under a bounty system. Problems with European Immigration Europeans were unsatisfactory as most died shortly after they arrived. They died from tropical diseases, heat stroke and many drank themselves to death. They also refused to work on the plantations with blacks. Many asked to be sent home or migrated to the United States. Planters also failed to supply proper food, shelter and medical facilities. THE PORTUGUESE In Madeira, workers were paid only one third of what they could earn in the islands per day, so they were attracted by the higher wages being offered in the Caribbean, especially British Guiana. Many went to Trinidad and a few to the Windward Islands. They were brought in by government bounty. Most came during periods of famine in Madeira (1846-1847). Their numbers decreased after 1847 until the scheme ended in 1882. Problems with Madeiran immigration The Madeirans died in large numbers. They suffered severely from yellow fever, malaria, overwork and inadequate food. The scheme was very irregular and most of them went into trading as soon as their contracts ended. In addition, the Madeiran Government objected to the scheme, since so many of its citizens were leaving, and implemented measures making it difficult for their recruitment. THE AFRICANS There were two distinct groups of Africans that were used as labourers in the post-emancipation period. These were the free Africans and the liberated Africans. The free Africans were persons who willingly opted to come and work on the plantations in the Caribbean. The liberated Africans were persons freed by British naval personnel from vessels illegally transporting them to the Caribbean as slaves. Free Africans Attempts were made to obtain Africans from the Kru Coast and Sierra Leone. The British Government was reluctant to grant approval of this scheme as it seemed to be a revival of the slave trade. However, in 1840, approval was granted. At first, they were recruited privately, but the British government assumed direct control two years later. Problems 1. Very few Africans were willing to come to the Caribbean. There were no catastrophes in Africa, which would make them leave. 2. Many who came to the Caribbean did not remain on the plantation; rather they followed the ex-slaves and settled on lands and became peasant farmers. Liberated Africans The largest number of Africans who came to the British Caribbean were ‘rescued’ by the British Navy from slave ships bound for Cuba and Brazil. These Africans were forcibly indentured for up to five years in the Caribbean primarily in British Guiana, Trinidad and Jamaica. Problems 1. The number of liberated Africans was too small to make a difference to the labour situation. This scheme ended when Cuba and Brazil abolished slavery in 1866 and 1888, respectively. Like the ex-slaves, they abandoned the estates and settled on land. THE CHINESE The first Chinese immigrants arrived in Trinidad in 1806 from Malaya. They were to be indentured for five years, with a promise of small plots of land afterwards. They were extremely unsuitable for estate labourer and most were shipped back. Most Chinese immigrants came during the period 1859-1886 and went to British Guiana, Jamaica and Trinidad. They came mostly from the Portuguese colony of Macao and from Canton. Others came as well because of the Teiping Rebellion (1851-1864). Problems with Chinese Immigration Planters complained that the Chinese did not make good estate workers and few re-indentured themselves. They preferred to return to China or open retail shops. In addition, they were more expensive than the Indians. The Chinese Government also insisted that a full return passage be granted after a five-year indenture contract. The planters were willing to pay this only after two five-year contract. The Chinese Government also opposed immigration because they were ill-treated in Cuba. Most Chinese avoided the West Indies preferring to go to the United States or to find work nearer home in Java or the Philippines. Lastly, race relations between blacks and Chinese were quite poor. THE INDIANS The first Indians arrived in 1838 on Gladstone’s Estate in British Guiana. However, the British Government stopped the scheme because of evidence of ill-treatment and the high death rate among the immigrant in Mauritius. However, due to pressure from the planters the British re-opened Indians immigration scheme in 1844. It was not difficult to find willing immigrants. Many craftsmen had lost their jobs due to competition from mechanised factories and mills of England. India was becoming overpopulated and there was not enough land to divide among the younger generation. Wages in India had fallen to 1/2d per day and there was a series of famine during the period 1857-1877 that led to an increase in food prices. Those escaping the police and the caste system were also willing to migrate. The Caribbean seemed attractive with high wages, shelter, medical care and a chance to find new occupations beside agriculture. Indians were easily recruited as India was a British colony. British ships and trading costs were already there and the British Government could easily provide British officials to supervise the scheme. Planters were satisfied with the Indians because they were hardworking, accustomed to tropical agriculture and re-indentured themselves. Economic effect on the sugar industry British West Indian planters had turned to immigration as a means of reviving the sugar industry. The hope was that with the steady supply of labour, planters could focus on increasing their output. Immigration, however, did not have its desired impact, especially in a colony like Jamaica. In territories such as Trinidad and British Guiana, we cannot assume that it was immigration that saved their sugar industry. For instance, they introduced mechanisation and placed more lands under sugar cane cultivation. These could be seen as measures that helped to save their sugar industries. Barbados could be used as another example. Up to 1848, there had seen an increase in their output by 250 per cent. However, by the end of the 19th century this had declined. We cannot assume that this was because Barbados was not using immigrant labour that its output declined. During the period, the territory was plagued by problems, including soil exhaustion and inadequate mechanisation. The overall conclusion must be that immigration did not cause increased sugar production in the British West Indies, as many other factors could have been responsible. Other economic effects 1. As a result of Indian immigration, the rice industry was developed in British Guiana and the cocoa industry in Trinidad. 2. They also helped to make central factories profitable by cultivating cane on small farms then selling it to the central factory. Social effects 1. Indians were considered inferior and they could only acquire poorly paid jobs. They could not settle in the towns, but had to live in the countryside where they formed an active peasant class. The employment of Indians mainly as field workers led to the employment of blacks in better jobs, for example, the police force. 2. The ex-slaves despised the Indians and refused to work alongside them in the fields. They were described as ‘heathens’ because of their speech and clothing. Indians also despised the blacks because of their alleged low moral standards. 3. Immigration led to the expansion of social services, for example, medical facilities and a large police force. Cultural effects 1. Family – Indians brought their firm family structure, in which all relations supported each other. The idea of extended family, which included several generations, was very strong. All males over age 16 were members of the family council and made all decisions of the family, for example, marriage, religious ceremonies and expenditure. 2. Religion – Hinduism – Hindus worshipped several gods, of which Brahma was the most important. He was the supreme god or creator. They believed that when people die, their souls are reborn in a new body. The Hindus had very strict divisions in the society; this was known as the caste system. Each person belonged to a special group or caste. The Brahmins or the religious leaders were at the top of the society and the Hindus in the Caribbean continued to follow them as their leaders. Islam – A number of Indians who came were also Muslims. They believed in one God, Allah. They followed the teachings of the Quran. . Festivals – Divali or festival of lights was celebrated by the Hindus. They told stories, shared gifts, decorated their windows and doors with lights and candles. Hosein – A Muslim festival for small temples made from paper and bamboo were decorated and carried in a procession through the streets, accompanied by dancing to the beats of drums. 4. Food – roti, rice, curry 5. Dress – turban sari 6. Buildings – Hindu temples Muslim mosques houses built in Indian styles Other cultural effects The Indians normally segregated themselves deliberately in the educational institution. Oftentimes, they were unwilling to send their children to school since they feared they could be converted to Christianity. It was not until the late 1870s when separate schools for Indian children were established, mainly by the Canadian Presbyterian Mission to the Indians, that Indian children went to school and language barriers began to crumble. Indian integration in the Caribbean was not very easy since many of them spoke the Hindi language which served as a language barrier. | | How to cite Amelioration and Emancipation Oct. 20, 2009, Papers